Human and Nature relationship Essay Example

Human and Nature relationship Paper Humans are gradually becoming more aware of the need to move towards a sustainable future with nature. Our well beings and extravagant lifestyles largely depend on the resources provided to us by the environment and without them, we wont be able to survive for long. In order to move towards sustainability, we, humans, need to create a symbiosis relationship, one where we both give and take from nature, rather than persisting with the parasitic relationship we have right now, where we take without giving anything back. So what Is sustainability? The fact Is, there Is no simple definition of the term sustainability; the term changes slightly with each definition depending on the perspective It Is written from as well as the values and beliefs held by the writer. The general Idea most people have of sustainability Involves living with the surrounding environment In a way that will allow both the system and the environment to continue surviving comfortably (Bender, 2013). Another popular deflation of sustainability Is the capacity or ability of something to maintain Itself ( what Is sustalnabllltV2008). Both these definitions re different in that one has an anthracic nature and is more specific, while the other could be applied to any living thing; however, it should be noted they both revolve around the maintenance of oneself, though Helen Benders definition also involves the maintenance of ones surrounding as the quality of humankinds future is dependent on it. The reality is, humans need nature in order to survive which explains the urgency to establish a sustainable relationship with nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Human and Nature relationship specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human and Nature relationship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human and Nature relationship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Everything we have originates from nature which has finite resources and as history shows, without these resources, our violation, like the Easter Island, will most likely collapse. The Easter Island is arguably an epitome of the impacts of the overexploitation of resources. It is said that the fall of the Easter Island civilization is largely the result of the destruction to their environment; as wood was not a part of their currency, the motivation to conserve the non-renewable resource did not exist, and as such the deforestation of the island occurred (Diamond, 2003). Though other factors did contribute to the collapse of the civilization, such as the overpopulation of rats (Hunt,2006) and their isolation from there islands, the strapping of the island started the domino effect that effectively ended the civilization. On the other hand, communities like the Aboriginals that lived as part of the environment were able to thrive and survive for countless years (approximately 50,000 years (Australian Aboriginals History Timeline 2013)). The deep reverence they held for nature along with the practices they exercised allowed them to live with nature In a way that allowed both parties to benefit from the relationship. For instance, burning practices, where certain areas were purposely set n fire In order to promote the growth of certain species of plants and other organisms, such as tubular flowers, occurred once every few years. This traditional not only exterminated unwanted shrubs and weeds, It also promoted grasslands that provided native species, such as kangaroos, with food (World, 2012). These are but two examples of how essential nature is to a civilization and how ones relationship we have today originates from nature and without it, we would not have food, oil, houses, cars and everything we believe to be vital to our daily lives. In order to preserve our current lifestyle and the lifestyles of the future generations, we need to be able to learn to incorporate nature into our lives, but before any action is to be taken, we need to first learn to respect nature. Hundreds of definitions exist for the term nature. A definition of nature is anything, organic or inorganic, that was not created or altered by human activity (Low et al, 2005). Though this definition is not wrong, it does not cover the extent of alteration something natural can undergo before it is considered to be unnatural. For example, a bush in someones back yard as been removed from its original location and is occasionally trimmed and fertilized, and yet, most people would still consider it to be a part of nature. A better definition of nature would be anything, organic or inorganic, that was not created or altered to a point where it is unrecognizable from its original resource by human activity. Respecting nature, in by no way, means that we should stop going out into the wilderness, nor does it mean that we should live in mud huts and become vegans. Think of a person you respect and the way you treat them because of it. Do you avoid them? Do you take advantage of them? No. Though you may regard them with high esteem, you probably would not go out of you way to avoid them, in fact, you would probably try to include them in your life, so why cant we do the same with nature? An ideal way of incorporating nature into our lives is to move towards the construction of green cities. This could mean more parks, the encouragement of growing plants on apartments and office buildings, and the use of a sustainable energy source such as solar energy. This not only takes us a step closer Tao sustainable future, it also has psychological benefits such as relaxation and stress lease (Davis, 2004). Though people are starting to see the advantages of building green cities, various factors have to be considered; aesthetic factors as well as the economic cost are among the most important elements which have to be regarded. In order to build a green city that will have an impact on the planet, we need the majority of the citys citizens to be behind the movement, and to do so, the additions to the area have to be pleasing to the eye (no one wants an ugly view). In addition, the price of the changes and well as future maintenance have to be affordable to the argue part of the population because, as one can imagine, if only 2% of the city can afford to make the change, then there will not be a significant impact. Another factor that would impact the decisions of the citizens would be their degree of respect. Without respect for nature, we will not change. Australians dispose approximately eight billion dollars worth of food each year (Do Australians waste $8 billion worth of edible food each year? , 2013); we act as if we own the environment, when, in reality, the survival of humankind depends on it and the fact is, natures resources are finite ND can only last for so long, especially if we persist with our current habits. If we are to change, we need to realize this fact and start showing our respect though the protection and maintenance of nature because as of now, the planet would be better off without us. Human impact, and a large number of them are negative impacts. Take Coherency as an example. In 1986, an explosion at a nuclear power plant in Coherency released large quantities of radioactive particles into the air which spread to western USSR and parts of Europe. This incident not only effected humans, but also the environment around the area. The damage to these areas severely effected the ecological system, the radioactive particles no only killed and altered the plants, it also effected the ground water and cause mutations to various animals (Fallacy, 2013). Incidents like this happened several times throughout history (Hiroshima and Opal to name a few), which brings up the question: would this planet be better off without the existence of humans? Though it is true that we, humans, have cause uncountable damages to this planet, it is also true that we have ingrained ourselves onto the Earth in a way that will cause further destruction if we were to one day disappear. Buildings and other infrastructure require the maintenance of humans in order to stay standing. The things we see as permanent are not really so and without us, they would eventually collapse. It is true that, in the (very)long term, nature will triumph, but not before taking heavy damage. Dams will start to wear down and eventually break causing floods, and nuclear power plants will start to leak (Varies, 2008). Furthermore, certain species that rely on humans to survive, such as jugs, could go extinct as they are not adapted to survive in the wild (Varies, 2008). A large flaw In our species (humankind) is that the majority of us do not learn from the past and so we make the same mistake over and over again, mistakes that the planet, as well as ourselves, have to take the consequence for. For instance, though we know that the fall of the Easter Islanders was largely due to their mistreatment of the environment, we are still making the same mistake today as they did then; we use resources like its infinite and are not able to foresee the consequences of our action. Maybe its due to our selfishness, or maybe its Just ignorance, but the outcomes of out actions will impact the future generations as well as nature itself. It is crucial to establish a relationship with nature that is beneficial to both parties and only then, will we be able to call ourselves a sustainable species. Nature provides us with everything we have and need in order to survive, so without it, humankind will not last long. It is because of the substantial amount of damages that the planet has taken from us humans, that the need to take action is urgent.

Word Choice Discrete vs. Discreet

Word Choice Discrete vs. Discreet Word Choice: Discrete vs. Discreet You know those times when your friend has a massive zit on their face but you don’t say anything because you don’t want to embarrass them? That’s called â€Å"being discreet.† Or should that be â€Å"discrete†? No, it shouldn’t. But many people confuse these terms due to the fact that they sound  identical when spoken. It’s therefore worth taking a minute to run through what these words mean and how to use them correctly in your work. Discreet (Careful or Prudent) As suggested above, the correct term to use when describing something which has been done to avoid embarrassment, or to keep something confidential, is â€Å"discreet†: When I went to the clinic, the nurses were very discreet. Until you left. Then they laughed about your genitals. [Photo: OnCall team/Vlastimil]It can also be used to describe something designed to be subtle, or not attract attention: The pattern on the lapels is complemented by discreet stitching on the collar. â€Å"Discreet† is related to the quality of â€Å"discretion†, although â€Å"discretion† can also mean â€Å"freedom to make decisions† and â€Å"discreet† is not used in this sense. Discrete (Separate or Distinct) When something is â€Å"discrete†, it is separate or distinct from other similar things: Wagner’s Ring Cycle is divided into four discrete parts, played in series. The valkyries were anything but discreet. â€Å"Discrete† also has some specific, technical meanings, though these tend to be related to the idea of being â€Å"distinct† or â€Å"separate.† Discrete mathematics, for instance, is a field of math that focuses on discontinuous structures (e.g., integers, graphs and logical statements). Discreet or Discrete? As you can see, these terms have very distinct meanings (you might even say that they’re â€Å"discrete†). As such, you should take care to use them correctly in your work. When describing a situation in which someone is being secretive or careful not to cause offense, the correct term is â€Å"discreet† (e.g., â€Å"You can tell me your secret. I’m very discreet.†) When you’re describing something which is separate from other similar things, the term to use is â€Å"discrete† (e.g., â€Å"Any machine can be broken down into its discrete components.†) Remember: Discreet = Careful/subtle Discrete = Distinct/separate

E-Business (For Information Technology class) Essay

E-Business (For Information Technology class) - Essay Example The bank's mission is to provide value added services to its customers in an efficient, timely, robust and reliable manner. It strives to become the bank of choice for its customers around the country. In order to achieve its mission objectives the bank needs to implement information technology bases systems to upgrade its current manual system which is tardy, slow, non-responsive and unreliable. This report is developed with a view to establish a framework for strategic IT direction for the bank. In addition, the rationale, extent, and timelines for implementing the information systems and technology within the bank have been identified and discussed. The purpose of the report is to establish a strategic plan for IT for the bank, to apprise higher management with the benefits and the value addition that IT provides to the business, the contemporary approaches to implementing IT based systems in financial industry and to provide recommendations customized to ABC Bank's operations. The report begins with an introduction of E-Business, describing the key areas and applications that this term covers; it then provides an insight into the latest IT trends in businesses; specifically banks around the globe. It is then followed up with the current issues and strategies that the businesses are adopting and dealing with in order to provide state of the art services to stakeholders. Suitable e-business systems are identified for the bank and recommendations are provided for IT managers to develop, acquire and implement e-business solutions. A tentative timeline for each strategic proposed solution is also provided. 3. BACKGROUND E-Business or Electronic Business, a termed introduced by Lou Gerstner (CEO of IBM), is defined as a business process that relies on automated information systems to function (Wikipedia.org, 2007). E-business is not just e-commerce, a technique for establishing and maintaining relationships with customers and suppliers online and over the internet; rather an e-business system spans over the entire value chain of the organization. It integrates the internal and external processes of the business. E-business applications can be generally divided into three categories namely (Wikipedia.org, 2007): Internal business systems (customer relationship management, enterprise resource planning, document management system, and human resource management); Enterprise communication and collaboration (VoIP - Voice Over IP, content management system, email, voice mail, web conferencing); and Electronic commerce (online marketing, internet shop, open catalog, supply chain management) The use of e-business techniques and applications allow the organizations, an ability to track resources, log expenses and revenues for proper

Communication and Language - Mother Tongue Essay

Communication and Language - Mother Tongue - Essay Example Here in the United States when someone does not speak English well or speaks a broken version of the language many tend to think less, enforce stereotypes, and not take them as seriously. The two essays â€Å"Mother Tongue, by Amy Tan, and â€Å"Talk about Editing,† by David Shipley do not have very much in common. They are both relevant and important but approach communication from two completely different sides. Tan’s work is a serious discussion about the way people perceived her as a young Asian American and how her mother is treated for her broken English. She gives multiple examples at how differently her mother’s business would be handled when she pretended to be her mother on the telephone as opposed to how they, generally, treated her mother. She mentions being discouraged by teachers not to pursue writing; it was suggested she enter the math or sciences. She understood that this was a stereotype in action; people of Asian descent are naturally good at math and science, but seldom good at English or writing. (Tan 270-?) However, of course she became a writer despite their views. However, one can appreciate the hardship that her mother went through. Also, she touches on the important subject of how people speak differently within different environments. There is some truth to this. There are actually a number of English dialects, slang, and regional terms being used that mean little outside of that region. That said, the language used and words chosen differ when we talk to friends, teachers, parents, and employers. These language issues should not be allowed to ever overshadow the value of a person or of the information they hope to share. The Amy Tan essay speaks to the perception a woman watching her mother struggle with this issue and the ways that the outside world reacts to it. Her desire to defy the stereotypes that were presented and continue to pursue her goal is inspiring. In her situation she is asking for the poor words her mother uses, as with all immigrants working to learn a new and difficult language, do not mean more the intention, wisdom, or meaning behind each of them, perfectly spoken or not The second essay, â€Å"Talking about Editing† is a much more structured essay explaining the point, purpose, and function of an editor. Apparently people have an impression that editors make harsh and often uncomplimentary choices in a writer’s work and have overall say in the perception or vision of the actual work (Shipley 303-?). In fact, the author of any work has the final say in the final work that they will put their name one. According to experts good editors, should always be able to pick up on the grammatical errors, typos, and spelling mistakes, but never to make an overall judgment of the artistic or scholarly work. Their responses to the writer’s work should always be suggestions and never demands (Rafter). However as we move into the ever-changing and technological f utures the value of writing and reading may be slipping away. In discussing these two essays there is an interesting irony present. If Amy Tan did not speak or write in fine and proper English, would a publisher consider her work, would an editor even bother? If it is the errors in the writing that makes the writing unique then correcting it would eliminate that quality. Editors are trained and bound to make certain that all of the rules of the English language are followed, punctuation, and grammar, as well.     Ã‚  

Case Analysis Executive Brief Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis Executive Brief - Case Study Example To solve this problem, it is important for Google to diversify their streams of revenue, as well as continue to be innovative and expand its current customer base. To begin with, they can expand on their Google Apps Marketplace that allows cloud computing from 3rd parties, who will then be allowed to integrate with core Google products. This will enable them to collect revenues without using any additional resources from the company. Google should also seek to monetize its Android platform, especially as its core search-advertising business seems to be slowing down for both Google websites and Google network websites. Thus, on top of Android dominating the mobile-device market, they should seek to monetize their mobile operating systems more aggressively (Hitt et al 166). Finally, by gaining direct access to a wireless spectrum, Android could remove additional fees for content delivery, while also providing Google with a ready platform for communications to expand advertising and pro duct reach. With regards to charging their manufacturers a licensing fee, Google could monetize their Android platform and increase their profits, rather than offer it for free and expect to make money almost entirely from advertising. This will also improve innovativeness, as the manufacturers will still be allowed to add more features onto their smart-phones and their Apps (Hitt et al 166), increasing business opportunities for Google. However, it is also possible that these phone producers using Android, including Samsung and HTC, could branch off on their own and start using their own Android systems. This would result in the creation of incompatible OS and loss of business for Google. In relation to opening up their OS to 3rd party developers, Google could operate more efficiently and effectively, particularly as these developers could create more innovative apps that replace core functions in Android. In addition, it would also bring

Effects of Regeneration in the Urban Core

Effects of Regeneration in the Urban Core General Overview Urban decay, usually associated with deprived areas, tends tend to be a characteristic of poorer communes, reflecting their low earning power and susceptibility to the higher unemployment rates associated with changes in the structure of the national economy (Skifter Andersen, 2003). The a feeling that buildings are physically falling into a state of decay particularly in some areas more than others, often results in an excrescence of dilapidated and vacant buildings. By remaining vacant, buildings are generally targeted for commercial signage and vandalism unless subjected to a population change or economic restructuring (McGregor and McConnachie, 1995; Skifter Andersen, 2003). The redevelopment of decaying, run-down or underused parts of urban areas with the intention of bringing new life and economic vitality is crucial in maintaining a market position (Bolton Council, 2009). Redeveloping these structural units, however, may not be an easy task, as a set physical as well as casual mechanisms likely to be different in every area, are also accentuating the problem of urban decay. According to Skifter Andersen (2003), one of the major causes of urban decay is the decline of the local economy. The changes in the structure of the national and international economy can directly or indirectly influence the local economy as outlined in Haggetts Cumulative Decline Model (2001). Certain government intervention and planning policies with regard to the industry and alterations in the locational preferences of the industries to better equipped sites are also assumed to be among the primary causes of decline by increasing the gap between the core and periphery. Similarly, the population age structure in most Western countries is changing with an increasing number of elderly dominating the demographic chart (Commission on Growth and Development, 2008). This disinclinati on of the population is likely to remain in the highly urbanised areas resulting in a number of blight properties that are likely to fall into a state of disrepair if structural investment keeps lacking. Perhaps, following Myrdals Cumulative Causation theory (1972) might help inject vigour into the local economy from the institutional set-up (Fujita, 2004). Nonetheless, this process of urban renewal, through which environmental quality redevelopments occur in derelict urban areas, is highly contested. This chapter reviews selected literature that concerns the effects of regeneration in the urban core of a settlement with regard to the value enhancement and positive externality of building refurbishment while considering the social and economic implications. Urban Regeneration Urban regeneration most likely to take the form of public policy in order to regulate urban processes, attempts to improve the urban environment through renewal (Couch et al., 2003). Although seeming fairly simple and straightforward, Home (1982) describes the concept of urban regeneration as involving complex socio-economic, environmental and political issues, with no profession or academic disciple claiming control over it. Roberts (in Roberts and Sykes, 2000) defines urban regeneration as a vision which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring lasting socio-economic, physical and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change. Broadly defined as a process that prevents the urban fabric from starting or continuing to deteriorate by improving the urban fabric, urban regeneration is fundamental to the structure plans established by the Malta Environmental and Planning Authority in 1998 and 2006. According to the Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC, 2004) of the Mediterranean countries, the aim of urban regeneration projects as a solution to this phenomenon in developed is to promote: â€Å"return to the city, revitalise the city centre, restore activity in a fiercely competitive international context, and implement initiatives to improve the quality of the environment operating in a wide sense towards a smart growth†. Such systemised and planned action concerning certain parts of a town would mean injecting new vigour into an area. Skifter Andersen (2003) argues urban regeneration would transform, strengthen and recreate places to act as a catalyst for further investments for the benefit of the local community. By concentrating public resources and private investments on specifically designated area may turn an area to a great appeal (Adair et al., 2000). However, urban regeneration is not only concentrated around property-led and retail-led regeneration but also through cultural regeneration to transform the city as a form of urban recreation (Evans, 2001). According to Evans (2001), arts and cultural industries can distinguish themselves by restoring identities and economies with other lifestyles. Whilst Calxton and Siora (2008) recognise the retail sector as offering opportunities and employing a wide range of different socio-economic groups, they argue that retail-led regeneration appears to provide a key reconnection to economic opportunity by engaging in direct employment and additional investment for a community and its residents. Furthermore, Claxton and Siora (2008) sustain that the most successful developments are those supported by the local authorities where planning or economic development departments work together. On the other hand, Rubin and Taylor (2008) question the enormous institutional corporate power of certain chain stores that might have some influence on the planning system and in regeneration projects. According to them, the benefits from such regeneration are overstated as this type of regeneration creates an inverse system that extorts money out of the local economy resulting in serious consequences for small local businesses. Pitkin (1963) sustains that as an important trait within various Mediterranean communities is the urban ethos, the city is depicted as a place of cultural richness, civilisation and civic pride (Leontidou, 2000). Strengthening this argument, Florida (2003) suggested that as social ethos is becoming increasingly dominant in most entrepreneurial and growing regions, it is attracting creative people to the city and accentuating the processes of gentrification. Additionally, Ley (2003) also accentuates the importance of cultural and lifestyle of the middle class, who value the preservation of the historic core and the utilisation of exceptional commodities. Bailey et al. (2004) suggests that culture-led regeneration has only been effective when associated with commercialised identities, thus stressing the need for economic investments and retail establishments. Hiller (2000) suggests that for waterfront regeneration with transformation of the urban environment with luxurious residences a nd gentrified neighbourhoods must be create jobs through a number of office towers as well as shopping centres, included in most projects. As cities are never still, Lancaster (1995) had previously argued that they are places where people strive to overcome negative effects and create hope in the place that history has located them. According to Dunn (1998), the consumer culture might therefore encourage residents to disattach themselves from their particular area and associate themselves to the new global culture irrelevant of the location. Bailey et al. (2004), disagrees and argues that cultural forms of consumption can actively enhance and enliven local communities. Bailey et al. (2004) goes further by suggesting that it is the people who live in the city themselves have to engage in regenerating the city rather than the planning policies. Kantor et al. (1997), stresses the significance of local urban democratic conditions in creating inclusive governing that can influence the local communitys ability to participate and have a reach in the business. Gentrification As defined by Kennedy and Leonard (2001), gentrification involves the processes of reinvestment and revitalisation to enhance the physical and socio-economic components of cities. In this relationship, higher income households settle in that settle in the area, upgrade the physical and socio-economic component of lower income residences. Smith (1987b, p.463), specifically stated that the crucial point with regard to gentrification is that: it involves not only a social change but also, at the neighbourhood scale, a physical change in the housing stock and an economic change in the land and housing market. It is this combination of social, physical, and economic change that distinguishes gentrification as an identifiable process/set of processes. Furthermore, Wyly and Hammel (1999, p.716) add that the process of gentrification complements: class transformation of those parts of the city that suffered from systematic outmigration, disinvestment and neglect, or neglect in the midst of rapid economic growth and suburbanisation. Badcock (2001), argues that today the process of gentrification and restructuring have become so interrelated together that they have formed the broader transformation known as revitalisation. Furthermore, households of median and higher incomes generally value the preservation of the historic core and contribute to raising the areas ethos (Ley, 2003). Therefore, employment in the tertiary, quaternary and quinary sectors of production, usually associated with having a university degree, is a key indicator of gentrification according to Ley (2003). In other words, the post-modern lifestyles of consumption are the solution towards revitalisation of a location through the processes of gentrification. Consequently, the process of gentrification can be said to be the outcome of the range of responses to the new economic and social opportunities that arise from prior dispositions of the social classes (Bridge 2001). On the other hand, Smith and Williams (1986) were particularly concerned with displacement and the side effects the middle class is having on the lower working class through the processes of gentrification. Although the extent of the problem is not agreed upon, Sumka (1979) argues that displacement of the working class through rent increases was undoubtedly a major issue. More recently, Blomley (2004) outlines that the social mix the processes of gentrification bring with them tend to expose the working classes to several equalities in the social hierarchy as interaction between the owners and tenants in gentrified neighbourhoods seems to be limited. Slater (2006) argues that this process can lead to social segregation and isolation when trying to revitalise a neighbourhood. Yet, according to Sigworth and Wilkinson (1967) the beneficial effects to the community through gentrification outweigh the issues of social segregation which can be resolved through several policies. Ideal Scenario In a society where the absence of building care culture is increasing, prompt maintenance would help make aging buildings less problematic to rehabilitate as it is often the case that such buildings are found in a state of disrepair with various safety problems. Throughout the 1970s, many of the European countries had already started emphasise the gradual renewal process of rehabilitation rather than focusing on the massive redevelopments simultaneously (Wood, 1991). Thomas (1977), suggested that making way for redevelopment would give an opportunity to replace any substandard buildings, any clashes with regard to the land-use, as well as any environmental nuisance. Although in essence the process of redevelopment causes a lot of inconvenience as it dislocates people (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004), redevelopment can help utilizing the full potential of a site as well as exploiting the beneficial effects to the community such as solving the problems related to social segregation (Sigworth and Wilkinson, 1967). Amongst the main problems that dominate the list for the issue of urban renewal, the lack of institutional planning (Adams and Hastings, 2001) and unfair reimbursements (Kam et al., 2004). This raises the question of whether it would be eloquent to redevelop rather than to rehabilitate certain properties in some areas. It was proposed that the decision making on whether to rehabilitate or redevelop is generally influe nced by six aspects namely; political, legal, technical, institutional, social and economic forces (Walker, 2002). According to Olson et al. (2001) and Hobman and Bordia (2006), the influences of the professional work background on the attitudes towards a renewal project can also make a difference. For instance, building surveyors are said to consider the structural conditions of a particular building as the most vital concepts of consideration in a regeneration process. Conversely, the town planners tend to give more importance to the impacts of the project in the visual quality and micro climate of the neighbourhood rather than the structural conditions of a building (Olson et al., 2001, Hobman and Bordia, 2006). Despite these converging views, it is evident that the implementation of an urban renewal strategy especially when done on a massive scale would include a strong financial input. This would also have to be coupled with adequate public resources, and a determined commitment to solving to the urban dereliction problems while aiming towards increasing the social and economic benefits and fostering entrepreneurial activity (Hamnet, 2000; Skifter Andersen, 2003; Calxton and Siora, 2008). In such circumstances, it is also advisable that there should be improvements to the infrastructure, the transportation system as well as the environment that should all coincide with the renewal development that has the support of all social partners (Adair et al., 2000). Yet, as such conditions rarely occur, policy makers must shape their development plans based upon the constraints they face at the particular moment in time. Williams (2006) suggested that in order to ensure a more successful project, t he ruling authority can also use its powers relating to property development to influence the planning, the infrastructure and the compulsory purchase powers together with the availability of public land assets. When trading land for example, it is not a rare occurrence that one party missing from the market forum and thus the scenario of a compulsory purchase might be required in order for the renewal project not to be brought to a halt because by the private economic forces (Williams, 2006). To redevelop or to rehabilitate? Specifically on property-led redevelopment, Harvey (1992) highlighted that the timing of redevelopment projects depend on three essential issues being; the value of the current existing use of the land resource, the current value of the best of alternative use, and the cost of rebuilding. As the use of property is not irreversible, property has the potential to be redeveloped and converted into another type or usage to suit the expected socio-economic demands at a given time (Gunnerlin, 2001). According to the structure plan issued by the Malta Planning Authority (PA) (1998), there is a need: to use land and buildings efficiently and consequently channel urban development activity into planned developed areas particularly though rehabilitation and upgrading of existing fabric and infrastructure. Notionally, if the present value of the existing use of the land resources is greater than the present value of the best alternative use, redevelopment would not take place since it would not be financially viable, and the rebuilding costs would affect the occurrence of urban renewal. This explains why sometimes redevelopment in the old, urban core is less attractive to the developers (Harvey and Jowsey, 2004). As for the option of rehabilitation, which would mean securing the existing structure, it was concluded that it would only be advantageous when a number of conditions are met (Pugh, 1991). This would mean that the service life of a building would be prolonged by another thirty to fifty years. Furthermore, the value as well as the interest rate of the existing building would also have to be high. Additionally, Pugh (1991) argues that if the direct and indirect costs of rehabilitating are considerably less than those incurred by rebuilding, then the developer would be more tempted to rehabilitate rather than redevelop. Ratcliffe (1993) also estimated that the costs of renovating a building can amount to twenty-five percent less than starting a new building project and thus making it more attractive for developers. Aikivuori (1994) points out that refurbishments may sometimes be required when there is a need for change in the land-use as well as when there is a need to increase or secur e the market value of the building. Additionally, this would also help to preserve the existing building and its externalities that may be important in inducing a culture-led regeneration. Challenges facing the renewal process Housing has long been regarded as a durable commodity (Wieand, 1999), yet, like any other physical commodity, properties are subject to deteriorate as time goes by and eventually fall into a state of dilapidation if they are not properly maintained (Burton 1933). A number of previous studies have highlighted among of the main factors that would make a building deemed for renewal would be the serviceable environment (Sohmer, 1999). Others like Rosenfeld and Shohet (1999) have formed models to determine whether and when a building should be upgraded. This helped to reduce uncertainties and serve as an aid when deciding whether to upgrade or not. Nonetheless, one should not forget that there are always a set of constraints that are likely to slow or halt the process of urban renewal. The multiple ownership of a number of properties is one of them for example (Chun To Cho and Fellows, 2000; Galea Debono, 2009). So are the limitations on the development in the urban village core through the Urban Conservation Area (UCA) which restricts certain types of redevelopment projects. Additionally, it is also likely that there may be disputes in the process of resettling those affected and disagreements on compensation issues which make it more difficult for the private developers to find a compromise with the landowners (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004). Furthermore, it is also often the case that the lack of a central governing body to implement redevelopment and private developers little presumptive power, end up with the developers having fragmented, slow progress (Gordon, 2004). Positive outcomes from urban regeneration Fundamentally, the process of urban regeneration would help to contribute towards the preservation of structures of architectural value and significant historical importance (Jim, 1994). A sustainable regeneration scheme should therefore endeavour to lesson social exclusion, boost economic reintegration as well as salvage architecturally rich buildings and edifices (McGregor and McConnachie, 1995; Skifter Andersen, 2003; Bailey et al.,2004). Otherwise, an urban regeneration project can be a source of conflict and thus it might prove valuable to develop a decision making tool to facilitate the planning process as suggested by Walker (2002) and Ho et al. (2004). Eventually, project regeneration proposals can be assessed and alterations can be made in order to achieve a higher rating for the plan which is subject to time, budgetary and other practical constraints (Ho et al., 2004). According to Kocabas, (2000a), evaluating the impact of protection planning would ideally assess outcomes against the physical, social and economic objectives. This should preserve the physical historic environment, the needs of the existing residents during the process of upgrading as well as determining whether the conservation process is economically viable (Kocabas, 2000a). On the other hand, Borja et al. (1997) showed that the socio-spatial outcomes of globalisation on urban areas varied according to the correlation between the technological and economic processes that form the core for this transformation. Whilst it is now widely accepted that no city can escape the reach of global economic and political forces (Sassen, 2000; Taylor and Walker, 2001), it is also clear that cities can upgrade their position in the global hierarchy by their strategic intervention (Clarke and Gaile, 1997). This was the case with Ireland in 1988, for example. With the help of the European Commission, Ireland reflected on the mistakes made through the demolishment of buildings in inner Dublin through the Greater Dublin Area Development Programme secured and managed the preservation of the built historical environment (Pickard, 1994). Essentially, the upgrade or upkeep of neighbourhood externalities is also thought to contribute to the migration and related change in a neighbourhoods economic status for two main reasons. Firstly, certain types of households may behave in ways that generate social capital and affluence for the neighbourhood influencing the demand for that location, thus, the process of gentrification (Ley, 2003). Likewise, certain types of households might also choose to migrate into or out of a neighbourhood based on the demographic and financial characteristics of their prospective neighbours because of the social status, irrespective of how these neighbours may behave (Rosenthal, 2008). In spite of this, it is important to recognise that raising a neighbourhoods economic status does not necessarily alleviate poverty but could simply force the existing low income residents to relocate to other areas of the locality. Jacobs (1961) argued that rather than being suffocated by urban regeneration, soc ial life should be revived, thus, the process of gentrification might not be always seen in a good light especially from those who are less affluent and other deprived sections of society (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004). Therefore, building rehabilitation may garner more support as it causes less social disturbances (Needleman, 1966; DeFilippis, 2007). Achieving success through failure Amongst the good examples of successful waterfront regeneration projects that have managed to generate enough employment opportunities for the locals, Gloucester, Swansea, Cardiff and Liverpool immediately stand out in the United Kingdom (Jones and Gripaios, 2000). In these cases, a number of listed warehouses were refurbished and transformed to provide residential, office, retail, museum, marinas and restaurant facilities. Liverpools Albert Dock, for instance, has been so successful as a heritage site that was previously in a state of decay that it now receives around six million visitors yearly (Jones and Gripaios, 2000). From being a totally abandoned and neglected eyesore, the Albert Dock has now been turned into a visually pleasing environment with the most obvious and tangible manifestations of successful regeneration project in the United Kingdom. Canary Wharf in London is another successful redevelopment that even managed to generate 7,000 jobs for the locals (Danielsand Bobe , 1993). In spite of these successful cases of regeneration, the process of urban renewal still generates a great deal of heated debate especially when faced fierce opposition from the locals that fear that there would no significant improvement in their standard of living such as in the case of Canary Wharf in London. Quite rightly as Jeffrey and Pounder (2000) suggest, the physical improvement of a building is a fundamental element in achieving a successful regeneration project, however Hausner (1993), suggested that on its own it is not sufficient as the development of any project reflects the conditions and requirements of the area in which the project is located from a wider perspective. In addition to this, Moore (2002) sustains that the proactive use of this policy might even improve the local economic development and even create new working places, however, this might only be for a short while. Hemphill et al. (2004) argues that much of the research conducted in the United Kingdom ten ds to be critical as there is a persistent sentiment that urban policy has not really left many of the desired effects on the regenerated area. This had already been thought earlier as even though the inner-city redevelopments generally improve and enhance the degraded built environments, there is criticism that such projects only cater to certain sectors of society and particular locations such as waterfronts and thus these types of projects can fragment cities (Fainstein, 1994; Meyer, 1999; Marshall, 2003). Further criticism concludes that the stated goal of urban design and renewal is often forgotten as the concepts have become merely a marketing tool (Gospodini, 2002). Moreover, it is generally felt that the concept of urban renewal is too vague with the fusion of the traditional architecture, the landscape architecture, and the planning and civil engineering. As a result, urban renewal is said to be focused mainly on the marginal cosmetic aesthetics of the landscape rather than helping to sustain a better standard of living in the area (Inam, 2002). Hubbard (2006) added that the social as well as economic conditions of an area are usually worsened though the regeneration and gentrification policies that are meant to be beneficial. On a wider scale, Newman and Thornley (1996) had previously suggested that in contrast with other cities, the key European cities such as; Paris, Milan, Berlin, Frankfurt and Stockholm are underpinned by the factor of the international competitiveness rathe r than by the notion of urban policy and therefore the residents standard of living has nothing to do concept of urban renewal. Bentley (1999) went even further and argued that apart from the social, economic and environmental limitations, the concept of urban design is often manipulated by developers and public authorities to covertly hijack public space and neglect local conditions and values. Revitalisation projects targeted parts of the cities, such as decayed port areas and other post-industrial sites, for major redevelopments so that the area in effect becomes totally gentrified resulting in a residential area for the more affluent citizens rather than the whole society in general (Bentley, 1999). Proprietors awareness and involvement It is evident that one of biggest barriers when it comes to building maintenance is the owners awareness that find it difficult to realise the basic forms of decay and the resulting impact on the building material (Kangwa and Olubodun, 2003). To make matters worse, when action is taken, it is often the case that an inappropriate remediation technique is applied (Leather and Mackintosh, 1994; Forrest et al., 1996). Thus, any effective renewal system must be constructed upon well informed diagnostic skill structures. Chanter and Swallow (1996) and Davidson et al. (1997) have suggested that some of the main awareness problems apart from the variations in perceptions of objects of regular maintenance include the inability to tell whether inferior products or components are used to rehabilitate the building. In addition to this, they also add that the average owner is generally unable to determine the quality of work done by the traders and cannot judge accurately the extent of skill requ ired for a particular work. In the end they argue that the absence of a referral system within the local housing communities which would act as an initial contacts for advice and general information on housing maintenance. Consequently, it is often the case that waves of building depilation later turn into the process of urban decay that has been a major problem in most developed cities (Skifter Andersen, 1995). It must be recognised that the local inhabitants are fundamentally the problem solvers and play an important and useful role not only in implementing regeneration strategies but also in maintaining the socio-economic improvement of the neighbourhood over the years. As powerlessness is central to peoples experience of poverty and exclusion, the people in general are more likely to involve themselves if they can clearly see their contribution in the city (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2005). Throughout the last number of years, the local citizens have also been emphasizing that new developments should retain their own characteristic and identity in order to reflect their collective memories. Public consultation meetings are no longer satisfying the citizens as they believe that a comprehensive public engagement exercise for the project is required and more channels should be provided for them to express their views on the developments (Lee and Chan, 2008). Research has shown that in the absence of government intervention, property owners are prepared to improve their buildings and edifices since it would enhance the market value of the refurbished properties provided that there is enough information for people to take sensible decisions (Holm, 2000; Gregg and Crosbie, 2001). Besides from having restored building edifices, this type of refurbishment project is estimated to increase the market price of the property which leaves a good profit after deducting the costs of the refurbishment project (Chau et al., 2003). Improvements on the buildings especially on the facades are intuitively expected to have a positive impact on properties adjacent to the building because of the improved visual quality enjoyed by the nearby residents. Likewise, unsightly externalities are created by the unsightliness of poorly maintained properties, thus, refurbishing these poor maintained buildings should reduce or even counter the negative impact (Colwell e t al., 2000; Boyle and Kiel, 2001). Nevertheless, while everyone would benefit from improving the exterior conditions of the buildings, the market value of the properties improved first would have their value depreciated by the dire condition of the neighbouring properties and thus for an individual to take the first step would not be easy. As a result, the unimproved properties would experience an increase in value as a result of the nearby investments done by the others. Consequently, this might also lead to a market failure as the refurbishment process may never take off completely resulting in an investment which is less than what was desired (Hui et al., 2007). Should more information on the enhanced market value of a refurbished building be made available, then the long-term sustainability of a rehabilitation effort would be incorporated into the urban renewal strategies easily, however, one must not forget that the effects may not be felt until a long time. In this particular scenario, the authority in charge sh ould encourage and encourage developers and owners to instigate redevelopment. Ultimately, the process of renewal is a product of an incremental decision making as owners have to decide whether to rehabilitate or redevelop their built land which is subject to facing obsoleteness (Bryson, 1997). Concluding Remarks As authorities are widely considered as the ones responsible for the process of urban decay, they started to be seen as being unable to engage successfully with the private sector. With the rise of the new conservative movements, the local government started to be marginalised in favour of the private sector when it came to taking decisions (Gullino, 2008). This resulted in private sector being placed at the centre of the renewal activities as these kinds of projects are assumed to attract new financial capital (Bianchini et al., 1992; Loftman and Nevin, 1995). Despite the process of urban renewal through which environmental quality redevelopments occur

Florida Adoption Laws and Increased Involvement for Birthfathers Essay

Florida Adoption Laws and Increased Involvement for Birthfathers Since 1972, the issues surrounding the rights of unwed birthfathers have provided America with a highly controversial and morally challenging topic for debate. Prior to 1972, these unwed fathers were given little or no involvement in their child’s adoption proceedings, but because of highly publicized adoption cases in which birthfathers have retained custody of their child many years after their adoption took place, state legislatures have been forced to review their adoption laws regarding birthfathers and create more concrete ones. The laws in Florida regarding birthfathers have changed dramatically over the past several years, with complicating, senseless laws being replaced with more rational and reliable ones. The newest laws, passed in 2003 regarding a Putative father registry provide the most stable and fair support for legal adoption proceedings. According to ABC News, in August of 2002, a law passed concerning Florida birthfather’s rights regarding notification of their child’s placement for adoption. ...

That which Makes Him or Her

Virginia Woolf once asked, â€Å"Why are women†¦ so much more interesting to men than men are to women? † Did she ask the right question or is it the other way around like most men actually think? In the modern day of this age, the world is immersed in complicated relationships that shape the very roles each person portrays. In the midst of it all, some assumptions are made turning society into a blur with respect to the very ideas that define gender roles. The world has changed. People who want to have something said will ask a man.On the other hand, people who want something done will ask a woman. Therefore, allow me to state that the social factors that shape gender roles give far more influence than that of the cultural and biological ones. In society, gender roles are related largely to the set of acceptable standards in society. These standards define what is to be a female and what it is to be a male. Generally, the focus of how to understand gender roles is mostly dependent on the social, biological and cultural factors seen in every society.According to Reiter, â€Å"this is due to the fact that gender is an essential part of the gender or sex system. Every society and community holds a gender or sex system in which its characteristics will mostly be different in all aspects† (Reiter, 1975). Thus, for every country, nation or culture, there are certain social, biological and cultural influences only relevant and limited to that time and place. There are so many ways and guidelines which influence gender roles.A large chunk of the social influence is about the interactions and relationships people have with one another. A person’s family, friends, peers or community are the models and critiques a person has to follow or copy in order to fit in. There are â€Å"proper† ways in which a man or a woman have to act with his family, friends, peers and community. Those people who cannot live up to these standards are labelled a s outcasts or weirdoes. Moreover, television shows and films are society’s perfect role models of how they must act as a man and as a woman.The acting in shows and movies are transformed into the very roles each person plays with regard to their own genders. The essential point to why the social factor is the most influential is because of the need of every person to be accepted by the people around that person and the society where he or she lives in. The biological and cultural factors are not as influential as the social factor. First of all, the truth is that the sex in which a person is actually born does not directly determine his or her abilities or roles.The proponents of the biological factor say that, â€Å"The biological influence proposes that the differences with respect to gender roles are rooted from the differences in the body. There was even an extensive research in the late 1980’s to prove the connections between biology and gender roles† (Conn ell, 1987). However, the studies have not concluded anything. When a person is born, there is no exact way of determining how she or he will be in the future. Lastly, the cultural aspect of gender roles explains that ideas of the proper behaviour in relation to gender vary among time and place.An individual processes information and regulate their behavior based on whatever definitions of femininity and masculinity their culture provides† (Bem, 354 – 367). But culture and tradition can be easily altered or changed. People are becoming more aware each day of their unbounded potential and abilities. As people strive to become better and more successful, they will not allow themselves to be limited by culture or tradition. In essence, everything really influences gender roles whether in a miniscule or gargantuan level.The quintessential point is that first, culture or tradition can be broken and set aside without having far reaching consequences. Moreover, biological influ ences on gender roles can be overcome by simply seeing that people are not limited to their genetically inherited make up. And most importantly, the social factor gives the most considerable influence simply because it is but natural for any human being to socialize, interact and find a place where he or she can fit.

Okonkwo †Things Fall Apart †Literature Essay (100 Level Course)

Okonkwo – Things Fall Apart – Literature Essay (100 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Okonkwo Things Fall Apart Literature Essay (100 Level Course) At the end of the book Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, the main character, Okonkwo, is driven to commit suicide. This suggests that Okonkwo’s character was overwhelmed and frustrated. All throughout the text, Okonkwo says how he hates his father for not being there for him during his childhood. His father was a carefree man who loved to talk and play on his flute. He was a debtor who could talk his way out of anything. In this culture, if you are not strong and can’t provide for your family, you are called an agbala, or a woman. Okonkwo was embarrassed that his father was a man of no title, so from an early age he swore to himself that he would do everything he could to be a powerful warrior and man of influence in his clan. In the African Ibo culture, a man is thought of as weak if he is sensitive and expresses his feelings. Strong, powerful warriors can take anything, and nothing can make them cry. Unfortunately, when a person keeps his/her feelings inside for so many years, they can lose control. They become angry, violent, and hateful. He often beat his wives and children and Okonkwo believed that violence was the only way to resolve a conflict. At the end of the text, Okonkwo is very upset that the new white men have destroyed the Ibo culture traditions, but he refuses to let out his feelings. This leads to Okonkwo killing one of the white man’s messengers. He becomes so upset, and feels that he would rather die then follow the white man’s new culture. Ultimately, Okonkwo’s efforts to keep his feelings bottled up inside so he is not like his father, leads to his destruction and shows that Okonkwo’s character is overwhelmed and frustrated. Research Papers on Okonkwo - Things Fall Apart - Literature Essay (100 Level Course)Capital PunishmentWhere Wild and West MeetHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay

3 Types of Unnecessary Hyphenation

3 Types of Unnecessary Hyphenation 3 Types of Unnecessary Hyphenation 3 Types of Unnecessary Hyphenation By Mark Nichol An extraneous instance of hyphenation occurs in each of the following sentences. Discussion after each example explains the error, and revisions illustrate correct treatment. 1. Those organizations that adapt will be able to excel in the long-term. Some pairs of words closely associated because they commonly appear together as phrasal adjectives are often unnecessarily hyphenated when they do not serve that grammatical function. Though long and term frequently serve together as a phrasal adjective, as in â€Å"long-term goals,† in this sentence, they are an adjective and a noun, respectively, and hyphenating them is an error: â€Å"Those organizations that adapt will be able to excel in the long term.† 2. NASA officials recommend viewing the eclipse through specially-made glasses to prevent eye damage. What is perhaps the most common type of error of intrusive hyphenation is as a result of confusion between phrasal adjectives and phrasal adverbs. When two or more words team up to modify a noun, the modifying terms are usually hyphenated to signal their teamwork, as in â€Å"four-legged animals.† (Otherwise, the implication is that the phrase refers to a quartet of animals with legs.) But when the first word is an adverb ending in -ly, that ending sends an obvious signal that the first word modifies not the noun but the accompanying modifying word, as in â€Å"NASA officials recommend viewing the eclipse through specially made glasses to prevent eye damage,† where specially modifies glasses (and, in turn, the two words provide additional information about the glasses.) However, for the sake of clarity, flat adverbs- those lacking the -ly ending- are hyphenated, as in â€Å"high-pitched voice.† 3. After two weeks, it turns out letting strangers in has been the least-troubling part of the experience. . . . There are certainly less-invasive ways to keep packages safe, like lockboxes or shipping to the office. Similarly, do not hyphenate modifying phrases that start with least or less (or most or more): â€Å"After two weeks, it turns out letting strangers in has been the least troubling part of the experience. . . . There are certainly less invasive ways to keep packages safe, like lockboxes or shipping to the office.† However, a phrase beginning with â€Å"less than† or â€Å"more than† is hyphenated when the string of words provides more information about a noun that follows the phrase: â€Å"Less-than-optimal terms can result in future costs that reduce the benefit of a lower purchase price.† But note that stand-alone phrases beginning with less and the like are sometimes mistakenly hyphenated, as in â€Å"Some people were less-than-thrilled to see the giraffe in the indoor pen.†Ã‚  Here, â€Å"less than thrilled† is merely describing a reaction, not modifying a noun, so omit the hyphens: â€Å"Some people were less than thrilled to see the giraffe in the indoor pen.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

To be determe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

To be determe - Essay Example There were also news about illegal organ harvesting from prisoners who were executed in China (news.bbc.co.uk). Due to this horrific circumstances, organ selling remains to be illegal in the United States as enunciated in the principles written down by Congress in 1984 in the National Organ Transplantation Act that only allows the acquisition of organs through donation (Kass 67) This perspective however is slowly changing considering the issues wrought by the banning of organ sales. In America, an average of 11 people die everyday while waiting for transplant and thousands more are dying and/or already died while waiting for an organ donor (Sally 84). Despite the prohibition of its sale, the black market for organ trade continues to thrive and is even encouraged by the ban to the detriment and peril of its donors. The realization that organ sale cannot be stopped and the widening chasm between the availabe organs and the number of people dying while waiting called for a reconsideration and rethinking of this position (Ritter). Organ trade will continue to exist no matter how strongent its sale is prohibited. Making organ sale illegal will not automatically mean that it will not take place. In fact, this prohibition is the very reason that encouraged the black market to thrive as organ sale is becoming a luxurious business endeavor. This is because supply is being contracted due to the prohibition of its sale while the demand continues to escalate. Making organ sale illegal only makes those who are willing or forced to sell their organs vulnerable with the absense of proper medical care which aggravated the problem further. Prohibition of organ sale also widens the chasm between the unmet need for organ transplant and the available organ. As a result, people die due to the non-availabilit of organ while those who acquired it often do so through illegal means to the detriment

Sports Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sports Advertising - Essay Example In spite of the extensive use of athletes as product or brand endorsers, there is a relative be short of published research that examine the power these athletes may have on a objective market. Further, it remains questionable as to whether or not celebrity endorsers really make a difference on the bottom line for advertisers. According to the experts those reported that only one out of five profitable that built-in celebrity endorsers met advertisers' planned prospect. Researchers have finished that celebrity endorsers may not have "linked" or recognized with the intended target market. One can quarrel that this may occur since the celebrity endorser lacked recognition and perceived knowledge with the target market (SLACK, 1996, 48-69). Perhaps one of the mainly significant and sought after target markets for advertisers today is one that represents huge possible yet substantial challenges teenagers. At present, teenagers have been confidential as a part of age group Y those persons born among 1977 and 1994. A current subject of the Journal of Advertising Research tinted and identified the possible and yet confrontation of Generation Y to marketing labors. Authors in this particular subject discussed this require with a call for additional research to recognize the incentive and behaviors of this significant group. This require for research may be chiefly obvious in sports and sports marketing. For years, expert sports such as main league baseball have effort to attract a younger audience to its moribund fan base (CORNWELL, B. 1995, 13-24). Additional lately experts discussed be short of research on the female market for sports marketers. As the passage of Title 9 in 1972, a federal permission to give equal athletic opportunities for men and women, these women, of whom a big group belong to Generation Y, represent an enormous market for sports, sports marketers, and sports celebrities. Though, this main market may be the least investigate section by sports organizations and sports marketers. Do sports celebrity endorsers act as role models to females plus, if so, can they power this segment's purpose and behaviors (CORNWELL, T. B., 2001, 1-52) Hence, the objectives of this reading are to: (1) travel around the notion of sports celebrities as character models for Generation Y, (2) look into whether or not sports celebrity role models pressure this generation's meaning and behaviors, and (3) explore the power of sports celebrity role models (DASGUPTA, P. 1989). Background According to the expert analysis which emphasized that the youth market is one of the mainly coveted of all section due to their: (1) spending power, (2) ability to be trendsetters, (3) receptivity to new products, and (4) tremendous possible for becoming life span customers. On the other hand, others highlight that Generation Y is one who is opposed to advertising efforts, unusual, and anti-corporate. Despite these apparently opposite perspectives, researchers and practitioners argue that this group is an easier aim to market to since they have grown up in a customer oriented society. According to Rob Frankel, writer of The Revenge of Brand X (2000), "... Gen Y is less entrenched in customary social