Corporate Marketing Philosophies: Pros and Cons

Corporate Marketing Philosophies: Pros and Cons 1.1 Introduction This exposition will basically talk about the methods of reasoning and experts cons of corporate advertising making references to crafted by Balmer and Geyser. The article will likewise analyze the historiography or the stages through which the corporate showcasing has ignored through the couple of decades. Prior to understanding the idea of corporate promoting, we should initially attempt to comprehend the explanations behind the advancement of the term corporate showcasing. As per Balmer 1998, corporate picture is deciphered from numerous points of view by various journalists. The idea has negative affiliation and the writing work in the field has indicated that the picture affiliation can be seen distinctively by gatherings of partner. The idea of corporate picture the board has been tested by numerous authors and numerous abstract works recommend that the partners are not generally significant for the association. The other idea corporate marking is helpful yet numerous organizations have neglected to build up a corporate brand. In this manner the term is precluded. Visual designs has been given more accentuation in corporate personality making it a begging to be proven wrong point. Along these lines these ideas can be considered as the structure squares of corporate promoting which can be the umbrella title for this period. 1.2 Understanding Corporate Marketing The term corporate means that the territory of concern is methodology. Its significance is that the CEO and the top managerial staff know about the techniques inside the association. The essential standard of the term advertising has been the differing points of view. The term showcasing has been connected with corporate before likewise and scarcely any related ideas have just been acknowledged broadly for instance IMC, green advertising and so on. So what is the distinction among Marketing and Corporate advertising? The productive trade relationship will stay one of the fundamental highlights of corporate promoting however the accentuation will be on various trade relationship and the enterprise will be less worried about the proprietorship; they will consider themselves to be a piece of a system. (Balmer and Greyser, Epilog, Revealing the partnership, pg348 to 350). So to place it basically, Corporate Marketing is a gathering of partnership which has a solitary corporate ethos, point and qualities (theory) that ties the organization and its picture, marking, notoriety, personality, correspondence, clients and partners. 1.3 Pros and cons of corporate showcasing The works in the field of corporate advertising can give significant understanding to intuition on the bigger corporate-level region. The zone of concern is vital consequently it significance is to such an extent that the CEO and executives know about the extension and importance all the time. Correspondence, picture, notoriety, and marking are key ideas inside the promoting area, in spite of the fact that showcasing researchers and professionals every now and again fuse others, for example, personality however these ideas are imagined in setting of the item or brand as opposed to the enterprise yet corporate advertising will assist with review all the above ideas as one. The term corporate advertising is certifiably not another term. Kotler and Levy (1969) had suggested that the advertising idea ought to be widened in order to cover any association and that it ought to have the option to be applied to all regions of business and not simply item overwhelmed associations. The corporate showcasing is an extremely wide term so it isn't feasible for a leader of an office to deal with it. It requires a senior board position, for example, Deputy CEO. The individual ought to be exceptionally qualified with the information in the fields like arranging, authoritative conduct and interchanges and so on. The zone is additionally too wide to possibly be canvassed in a solitary degree course and the region will require contributions from non-the executives courses, for example, theory. At last, the consultancies are as yet inexperienced with new bits of knowledge in corporate character. They involved in creating frameworks of visual distinguishing pieces of proof for associations. (Balmer and Greyser, Epilog, Revealing the organization, pg348 to 350) (Balmer, Journal of Marketing Management, pp. 963-996(34)) 1.4 Historiography of corporate promoting As indicated by Balmer and Greyser the corporate advertising have gone through a few periods before arriving at the present however the center has consistently been the clients as accurately said by Frank Taussig, a previous President of the American Economic Association expressed in 1912 that, We should acknowledge the shopper as the last appointed authority (The Economist, 2006). 1950-1970-Corporate Imaging There was more weight on the idea of corporate picture in the time of 1950 to1970. Corporate picture is the customer impression of the corporate element behind a brand. In a couple of cases, the corporate substance is known and the picture affects brand deals, for example, Apple. In different cases, the corporate picture procures negative meanings, for example, BP did following the oil slick in Gulf of Mexico. As per Balmer (1998), there are three standards to corporate imaging. These are Mental Paradigm-Use of representative connection eg logos (Bromley, 1993; Grunig, 1993). Visual communication Paradigm-Use of visual illustrations for organizations ways of thinking, values and so on to make it chic. (Balmer 1995). Showcasing and Public Relation Paradigm-A comprehension of the encounters, convictions, emotions about and information on an association, as held by an individual, gathering, or gatherings (Bernstein, 1984, refered to in Balmer 1998) (Balmer, Journal of Marketing Management, pp. 963-996(34) 1970-1980: - Era of Corporate Identity and Corporate Personality Corporate Personality can be characterized as the view and assessment of the faculty inside the association. At this point it was basic for the organizations to comprehend that the most their own staff were a significant piece of the association. The organizations comprehended that it was important to prepare their staff and ensure that they were in accordance with the companys theory, strategic qualities. The idea of corporate character is as yet easily proven wrong. As indicated by Balmer (1998), there are bunches which consider the Latin importance of the word personality for example same and associate it to logos, pictures and visual marking. While there are different gatherings which utilize the word personality when alluding to the particular traits of an association, for example what it is. Balmer 1995, refered to in balmer 1998. There are hardly any occurrences when the corporate character, picture and notoriety are not in synchronization with one another this typically occurs because of awful corporate correspondence. In this way the organizations need to have a decent corporate picture according to the partners and a good corporate notoriety. As per Balmer and Greyser (uncovering the partnership Pg 42), Identity can be viewed as Triquadri Orbis. Visual distinguishing proof Staff distinguishing proof Particular properties of the association (who are we, what are we). Mid-1980s-mid-1990s This time was the beginning of corporate correspondence and corporate notoriety. Corporate notoriety A corporate notoriety is a lot of credits attributed to a firm gathered from an organizations past activities. (Weigelt and Camerer (1988 pI), refered to in Balmer 1998) Fombrun and Van Riel (1997) have recognized six particular scholastic literary works according to Corporate Reputation. This is appeared in Figure 2. Order Classification of Reputation Financial matters Notoriety saw as characteristics or signs. Recognition held of the association by an associations outside partners. Promoting Seen from the client or end-clients point of view and focuses on the way wherein notorieties are framed. Authoritative Conduct Seen as the sense-production encounters of workers or the view of the association held by an associations inside partners. Bookkeeping Notoriety seen as an impalpable resource and one that can or ought to be given budgetary worth. Human science Seen as a total evaluation of an organizations execution comparative with desire and standards in an institutional setting Technique Notoriety saw as resources and portability obstructions. Figure 2. Classification of Corporate Reputation According to Various Literatures Source: Balmer 1998, refered to in Fombrun and Van Riel (1997). Figure 3 Defining corporate notoriety (Manto Gotsi, Alan M. Wilson, (2001) Corporate notoriety: looking for a definition, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 6 Iss: 1, pp.24 30) In this manner corporate notoriety is the discernment that is develop over the timeframe thinking about the past activity of the organization. Since Fombrun look into, parcel of studies has been done on corporate notoriety which is been enormously useful in extending the information on this idea. Corporate correspondence In the mid 1990s organizations understood that the corporate correspondence procedures are valuable from clients perspective, yet it is likewise significant from investors point of view. As indicated by Balmer (2009), the Dutch researcher Van Riel (1995) contends that there are three stands of correspondence; the executives correspondence (worker center), advertising correspondence (client center) and hierarchical correspondence (partner center). Crafted by Stephen Greyser, Harvard Business School Professor, has been the incredibly recognized in the field of corporate correspondence. He even begun a course in corporate correspondence in Harvard Business School. Mid 1990s till Present Corporate Branding and the beginning of corporate showcasing Corporate Brand is the contract or a guarantee between an association and the partners or the clients. It passes on what the organization can convey regarding item, or client experience. It tends to be optimistic, for instance, apple guarantees development and quality to the clients. To show signs of improvement picture let us attempt to comprehend corporate brand pledge. It is a guarantee or a vow made by business associations to partners. These guarantees, n

Impressionist’s Gender Roles Essay Example for Free

Impressionist’s Gender Roles Essay Manet’s Olympia (around 1863) is an exemplary case of the leaning back naked. This seems, by all accounts, to be a private space as there is a going to lady remembered for the work of art. Rather than this Berthe Morisot’s scene painting is an open piece, portraying individuals on a promenade. For Manet’s painting, the watcher relates in a conspicuous voyeuristic way, looking at the bare similarly as the naked looks back at the watcher in a ready rest. Morisot’s painting is striking since she delineates ladies making the rounds, not bound to a nursery persey, however out in the open (two ladies and a little female kid). In the two works of art, the ladies portrayed have all the earmarks of being of high class, since the lady in Manet’s painting has a hireling and the two ladies in Morisot’s painting have parasols demonstrating that they have enough cash for accessories. Manet’s painting is an exemplary look painting, which means there are tones of voyeurism however that the subject looks back at the watcher with her head held high as if she were not without a doubt bare. In Morisot’s painting, there is a checked separation between the subjects and the watcher permitting the watcher more opportunity to look at these ladies and their gazes don't enter the canvas back toward the watcher. It is fascinating to take note of that Manet’s painting portrays a naked lady who gazes unmitigatedly back at the watcher while Morisot’s painting delineates dressed ladies who do note at any point perceive the viewer’s nearness into their reality. In this way, the distinction between and male and female painters is observed in this case: The female painter doesn't permit her subjects to think back while the male painter has a completely bare lady firmly look at the watcher.

Now on Khan Academy The American Museum of Natural History

Now on Khan Academy The American Museum of Natural History Where do 200 of the world’s leading scientists work to advance our knowledge of anthropology, astrophysics, comparative genomics, computational sciences, evolutionary biology, herpetology, ichthyology, invertebrate zoology, microbiology, ornithology, and paleontology? The American Museum of Natural History in New York is not only a museum filled with towering dinosaurs, meteorites you can touch, and delighted, curious children; it is also a leading research institution with 32 million specimens and artifacts and an incredibly active field program that sends researchers on more than one hundred expeditions every year. The American Museum of Natural History is a first-rate educational institution that inspires learners of all ages and was the first Ph.D. degree-granting museum in the Western Hemisphere. Naturally, we are absolutely delighted to announce a new partnership between this venerable institution and Khan Academy today. Where to begin? Maybe with an essay by Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson, director of the Museum’s Hayden Planetarium on “The Pluto Controversy” or a video about dark energy? Or if dinosaurs captivate you, discover how scientists have linked them to modern birds or perhaps take a tour of the Museum’s “big bone room” with paleontology collection manager Carl Mehling. Wherever your curiosity takes you, be sure to check back later this fall for even more great content from our newest partner, the American Museum of Natural History!

Music A Powerful Form Of Art - 1516 Words

Music is vitally important to countless people. As said by Frank Zappa, â€Å"without music to decorate it, time is just a bunch of boring production deadlines or dates by which bills must be paid.† Music brings art and creativity to a person’s life. Unlike, art or paintings or some theater, anyone can appreciate it. Simply, by tapping your foot to the beat, you are appreciating the art of music. Music is a powerful form of art. It motivates and inspires its listener. Music is like an indescribable force, present is every culture known to man. Music influences the things we do, and how we see the world. For each individual person, the exact same song can form millions of different meanings. Everyone has a different perception of music and their own unique taste. A single musical group can have a huge impact on a person’s life. Similar to how a musical movement can have a lasting impact on history. Music is an unexplained phenomenon in our history. Without fault, it is present in every culture known to man. What makes it so special? It may not seem so at first, but our culture would have grown to be very different without music. The cultural explosion of the jazz age influenced, not only other musicians, but countless other artists, painters, writers, and even politicians. Jazz developed into blues, and blues into rock and roll, and rock and roll into almost every genre of music we see today. Think of all the cultural movements that were initially caused by music. InfiniteShow MoreRelatedMusic Is The Most Vital Element Of Music888 Words   |  4 PagesArt and music are such an integral part of our everyday lives. Understanding the basic elements of each is essential to interpreting their meaning. Listening to music stimulates every part of the brain and alters our chemical composition and mental state. Art is a tangible reminder of civilizations from the past; it shows us a glimpse of a culture and lifestyle different from our own. 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Cyber Crime - 5881 Words

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What Do You Think Is Unethical Free Essays

What do you think is unethical? The countrywide approved everyone to get their loans, no matter they have jobs or not, no matter they have income or not, no matter they have assets or not. The criteria they use may be unethical. They don’t care whether the documents are valid, whether they can verify the income, whether the appraisal is any good. We will write a custom essay sample on What Do You Think Is Unethical? or any similar topic only for you Order Now They just care about getting the loan closed, in order to do another loan. The underwriters/ contractors looked through the loan as quick as they can. The loans are not looked at like they should have been looked at. They won’t think through with the common sense which is reasonable or not. teacher 10,000, waitress 12,000). On the instruction of their supervisor and lead. In the world of due diligence, they don’t use the word â€Å"fraud†. Even if it is suspected, they will say it seems like incorrect. 60% to more than 80% of the loans did not meet their policy. Clinton Holdings perform due diligence to two dozen banks, who were buying the mortgage from the Countrywide, Ameriquests, the New Centurys, packaging those loans, selling them to other investors. In each of these banks, The Clinton Holdings find a substantial portion of the loans did not meet the standards of the bank buying those loans. The banks did not tell the investors that the loans were defective. Blankfein was unapologetic. Do you think they know that you think something is a piece of crap when you sell it to them and then bet against it? When the supervisor go to the work, he find out that for example 50% of their loans are defective, than the standard will be loosen. So he can make these loans not defective, and make it qualified. Department of justice (prosecutor) worried about the lawsuit might result in at a large financial institution, which should not be their responsibility to care about the health of a bank. They should only focus on pursue justice. How to cite What Do You Think Is Unethical?, Essay examples

To What Extent Was Christianity A Unifying Influence In The History Of

To What Extent Was Christianity A Unifying Influence In The History Of Europe? Europe was a Christian creation, not only in essence but in minute detail The above statement can perhaps best sum up the relationship between Christianity and Europe throughout the ages. Christianity has been the strongest single influence in the history of Europe. Regardless of the century, no discussion would be complete without reference being made, at least in small part, to the Church. It is true that in recent centuries this influence has declined significantly, but nevertheless one could argue that it still plays an important part in the lives of many people. Throughout history Christianity has been both a unifying force and also a force for disunity. During the Dark Ages it was the only unifying force. By the Middle Ages people defined themselves by their religion and in Europe this religion had become Christianity. Through its missionary work, its monasteries, its education, it pilgrimages, its crusades, its influence on art and architecture and its Papacy it had united the peoples of Europe. By the thirteenth century all of Europe was Christian. Its ideas penetrated every aspect of life and every political and economic arrangement. Its churches could be seen in the major cities as well as the mountainside villages of rural Europe. Its bishops were part of the politics of countries at the highest level and for many centuries its clergy played the role of civil servants to the European rulers. It helped form the foundations of modern human rights and law across Christendom. By the end of the reformation Christianity had passed its peak of influence on European society, and so in evaluating its influence, it is perhaps best to end this paper at that point. Also because of the enormous time span covered by history of Christianity and the amount of material it includes it is very difficult to cover everything and so it is necessary to be selective. However it is worth giving a brief history of the birth of this religion. At the beginning of the first century a new religion was born and started to spread rapidly across the Roman Empire. Its source of inspiration was Jesus. It was different to the other religions of the day in a profound way. It was universal, offering all things to all men, proclaiming an afterlife, triumph over death, and presenting a road to salvation for all men and women. It emphasised the inner life and filled the spiritual void created by the Roman lifestyle. Yet it was one of many religions. There were many rivals, the mystery religions of Persia, Syria and Egypt were popular at the time and of course there was Judaism. Nothing at the time suggested this Jewish heresy could rival the other religions. Nevertheless Christianity spread relatively quickly, mainly due to the missionary work of St. Paul and, also, St. Peter. St Pauls journeys took him to Palestine, Asia, Macedonia, Greece, Rome and finally Spain. In addition this new religion spread quickly throughout the Roman garri sons and from there was carried by the soldiers through the Empire. In early fourth century Emperor Decius attempted to wipeout the Christian faith, the great persecution lasted thirteen years, but in 313 the Edict of Milan, in which religious tolerance was granted to Christians and previous anti-Christian legislation was repealed, was passed. Soon the Emperor Constantine was converted and became the first Christian emperor. Thus the Empire was identified with Christianity. It soon became the state religion and by the fifth century the empire had become exclusively Christian. However the break-up of the Roman Empire in the West and its invasion by barbarian tribes soon threatened this Christian unity. During the Dark ages, from the fall of the Roman Empire to the birth of the Carolingian Empire, monasticism was, perhaps, the greatest unifying force for Europe within Christianity and, although weakened, this force continued to have some influence in the Middle Ages. Monasticisms origins lay in the East. The first monks had, in the third century, settled in the Egyptian Dessert near the Nile and the first cenobites, monks grouping into enclosures formed by cells built around a central chapel, were gathered by Pachomius in his

Celebrate the Saturnalia Festival

Celebrate the Saturnalia Festival For how many years shall this festival abide! Never shall age destroy so holy a day! While the hills of Latium remain and father Tiber, while thy Rome stands and the Capitol thou hast restored to the world, it shall continue.- Saturnalia Conspicuous Consumption in Saturnalia as in Christmas Around Christmas, its often difficult to separate commerce from religion. I want to do something different this year. Put up something other than a Christmas tree and creche to which the wooden wise men move nearer each day. Maybe Ill wear a funny peaked cap, buy my friends beeswax candles useful gifts in the event of a power failure, let my son (as Lord of Misrule) plan the day, and just maybe Ill celebrate it early... on December 17, the day of the Saturnalia. The Increasing Period of Saturnalia Celebration This Saturnalia problem may sound familiar. After all, stores put out their Christmas merchandise before Halloween these days. The Saturnalia was originally celebrated in Ancient Rome for only a day, but it was so popular it soon lasted a week, despite Augustus efforts to reduce it to three days, and Caligulas, to five. Like our Christmas, this important holy day (feriae publicae) was for more than fun and games. Saturnalia was a time to honor the god of sowing, Saturn. But again, like our Christmas, it was also a festival day (dies festus) on which a public banquet was prepared. An effigy of the god was probably one of the guests. Saturnalia Was the Best Part of the Roman Year The poet Catullus describes Saturnalia as the best of days. It was a time of celebration, visits to friends, and gift-giving, particularly of wax candles (cerei), and earthenware figurines (sigillaria). The best part of the Saturnalia (for slaves) was the temporary reversal of roles. Masters served meals to their slaves who were permitted the unaccustomed luxuries of leisure and gambling. Clothing was relaxed and included the peaked woollen cap that symbolized the freed slave, which looks an awful lot like Santa Clauss peaked red hat . A member of the familia (family plus slaves) was appointed Saturnalicius princeps, roughly, Lord of Misrule. Celebrate the Saturnalia in the 21st Century Im not alone in my desire to do something... old. Biblioteca Arcana and Nova Roma offer suggestions for turning December 17 into a celebration of Saturnalia. Bringing trees indoors to decorate is a modern custom. Nova Roma suggests decorating outdoor trees with sun and star symbols  and using swathes of greenery over doorways, windows, and on people. But Nova Roma emphasizes that decorations are secondary to revelry, feasting, drinking, merry-making, pranks, and gift-giving of Saturnalia. If you can get your friends and neighbors in the spirit, wrangle a parade permit from your municipality so you can dance (like a Roman) in the street. Biblioteca Arcanas suggestions are for celebrating the religious aspects of the Saturnalia and its two adjoining holidays, the Opalia for Saturns wife, Ops, goddess of plenty, and the Consualia for Consus, god of the storage bin. The site provides a complete ritual with an equipment list, information on preparation, location, timing, the banquet, and the conclusion. Io Saturnalia! Also see: Saturnalia Article

Seen in the Classifieds

Seen in the Classifieds Seen in the Classifieds Seen in the Classifieds By Maeve Maddox Spelling counts, even in the classified section of a newspaper. Since people who place the ads cant depend upon someone at the paper to correct their spellings, its a good idea to be careful. Here are some spellings Ive noticed in classified ads: Dalmation pups for sale Bluehealer pups for sale Female lab spaded Duncan Fife for sale Vaccum cleaner for sale The big white dog with black spots is a Dalmatian. The name comes from the dogs presumed place of origin: the province of Dalmatia on the Adriatic Sea. Think Dalmatia and then add an n. I suppose a holy man who paints himself blue could be a blue healer, but the dog is a blue heeler. The dog was bred to herd cattle by snapping at their heels. The process of removing the ovaries of a female animal is called spaying. Such an animal has been spayed and can be called a spay. Sheriff Andys sidekick was Barney Fife, but the man who designed the furniture with the funny legs was Duncan Phyfe (1768-1854). The unusual pairing of us in vacuum should make the spelling easy to remember. The two us create a kind of vacuum in the word. Of course, even if you turn in correctly-spelled ad copy, theres always the possibility that the typesetter will make a mistake. Cant help you there. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Homonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsHow to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

Discuss the impact of raising minimum wages on minimum wage earners Essay

Discuss the impact of raising minimum wages on minimum wage earners and economy as a whole - Essay Example Increment of minimum wage has been a hotly debated issue not only by economists but also by the non-economist public (Neumark & Adams 6). On this issue, the non-economists have been largely pitted against the economists with the non-economists believing that raising minimum wage benefits employees and prevents employee exploitation by employers. On the other hand, economists are of the opinion that raising minimum wages actually hurt the very employees it is purported to help (Card & Krueger 20). This paper explores the effects of raising minimum wages for both the economy and minimum wage earners. Impacts of Raising Minimum Wages The first reason raising of minimum wages hurts the same people it is intended to help is that increasing these wages and creating laws that set them does not guarantee the public any more jobs. On the contrary, once minimum wages are increased, low-skilled workers are faced with the danger of being thrown out of the job market (Neumark & Adams 26). The rea son for this scenario is that employers will raise the skill requirements and the levels of competencies and experience and align them with the newly increased wages. In other words, employers are not willing to pay more for an employee if he or she does not increase or add value to a product in a manner commensurate with the wage increase (Card & Krueger 20). In the opinion of economists such as David Bradford of Princeton, raising minimum wages is tantamount to asking an employee to look for a job that would guarantee the said minimum wage (Neumark & Adams 15). Otherwise, such an employee may not find any job, depending on his level of skill. According to time-series data from decades of studies, it has been proved that raising minimum wages has the effect of reducing employment (American Enterprise Institute 3). This assertion is true if the rate of job losses in the current economy is anything to go by. According to current job estimates, a 10% increase in minimum wages could tr anslate into a decrease of between 1% and 2% in employment (American Enterprise Institute 4). Especially affected in this regard are young and unskilled workers, especially those from vulnerable and less academically and economically-endowed segments of the population. Besides increasing unemployment and job loss, minimum wage increment, especially the relevant laws, change workers’ systems of compensation. For instance, benefits such as free room and board, subsidized child care, on-the-job training, low-cost insurance, which are essential to low-waged and low-skilled worker compensations, are always negatively affected in cases of minimum wage increments. Employers have the tendency of controlling these benefits after minimum wage increments (American Enterprise Institute 4). In worse scenarios, when laws set minimum wages, some employers change full-time low-paying jobs into part-time high-paying jobs. Regrettably, there is rarely accompanying benefits such as reduced work ing hours. On-the-job training is the other aspect of low-wage employees that suffer reduction due to minimum wage increments (American Enterprise Institute 4). Hence, low-skilled workers lose their chance of improving their skills and opportunities to rise in rank. One benefit of reduced minimum wage, as opposed to increased minimum wage is that many employers prefer hiring unskilled workers and then

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 12

Answer questions - Essay Example Here, issues of bank overdraft are nonexistent and the business is in a good business shape. An example of when underlying circumstances may be such that the accounts receivable turnover increases one period to the next and is favorable is when the accounts receivable turnover has a high value, which shows that there is an improvement in the process of collecting cash on credit sales. An example of when underlying circumstances may be such that the accounts receivable turnover increases one period to the next and is unfavorable is when the accounts receivable turnover has a lower figure that indicated inefficiencies in collection of credit sales. A example of when the underlying circumstances may be such that the accounts payable turnover increases from one period to the next is favorable is when a company is paying its suppliers longer than it should take. This means that the company is taking advantage of discounts that come with early payment. Credit analysis refers to the method used to investigate whether a company has the financial ability to repay its obligations. It is done through the development of classification-based approach that seeks to differentiate potential defaulters from non-defaulters. The basics of credit analysis can be understood through five C’s that include character, capacity, capital, collateral and conditions. The first C, character, refers to the general impression the customer has on the prospective investor or lender. The lender comes up with a subjective opinion regarding whether the company or client can be trusted to repay a loan or generate a return from the funds that are invested into the firm. The background of the company and the experience in its particular field of business are issues that must be considered including issues of employee experience, and the quality of the references given

Welfare Reform: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Legislation Ess

In August 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) passed. This legislation ended the Family Aid with Dependent Children (AFDC) and replaced it with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Unlike AFDC, TANF is not an entitlement program. This means that states are under no obligation to provide cash assistance to eligible families. Instead the federal government gives block grants to assist poor families with the emphasis on moving them from welfare to work or deterring them from applying for welfare in the first place. States are no longer obligated to match federal funds, creating an incentive to eliminate their previous portion of the funding for critical programs. Now due to less funding and no standard rules or regulations in place, thousands of families never find out that they still qualify for health insurance, childcare or food stamps. ?By eliminating the whole architecture of the old entitlement program, the federal government eliminated a lot of the existing protections for people? (Cahn pg. 1997). A recent study found, 60 percent of former welfare recipients in South Carolina did not know a parent could get transitional Medicaid, and nine states have no outreach efforts to inform parents that they were still entitled to receive childcare assistance after welfare benefits were closed (Sherman, Amey, Duffield, Ebb, & Weinstein, 1998). By denying or reducing coverage the state creates surplus (left over) funds that they are allowed to be used in other programs. Some states even went further using part of its welfare surplus to fund tax cuts for the middle class (Rose 2000). This new popular movement is in contrary to the original purpose of programs like TA... ...households (Sherman et al., 1998). This non-profit investigation recommended Bibliography: Cahn, Naomi, R. 1997. Representing race outside of explicitly racialized contexts. Michigan Law Review. 95 (February):965-1004. Gilens, Martin. 1996. ?Race Coding? and white opposition to welfare. American Political Science Review. 90 (September):593-612. Rose, Nancy E. 2000. Scapegoating Poor Women: An Analysis of Welfare Reform. Journal of Economic Issues. 34 (March):143 Sherman, Arloc, Cheryl Amey, Barbara Duffield, Nancy Ebb, and Deborah Weinstein. Welfare to What: Early Findings on Family Hardship and Well-Being. Washington, D.C.: Children?s Defense Fund and National Coalition for the Homelessness, November 1988. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1993. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1993. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

An Essay on Clinical Negligence

An Essay on Clinical Negligence â€Å"We have always thought of causation as a logical, almost mathematical business. To intrude policy into causation is like saying that two plus two does not equal to four because, for policy reasons, it should not. † (Charles Foster NLJ 5/11/2004 page 1644). To what extent do you consider that Charles Foster is correct in that causation and clinical negligence should be a â€Å"mathematical business† and the courts have, by introducing matters of policy, confused what should be a logical approach? Introduction: In the article of â€Å"It should be, therefore it is†1, its author, Charles Foster examined the surprise House of Lords judgment in Chester v Afshar2, what he described as â€Å"an exercise in legal creativity that abolishes the requirement for causation in any meaningful sense. † To discuss the above issue, one must consider the legal requirements of clinical negligence. In order for a patient to succeed in a claim for clinical negligence against his doctor, he must be able to satisfy three requirements: first, he must establish that a duty of care was owed by the doctor or hospital to himself; second, he must prove that the doctor has breached that duty of care by failing to reach the standard of care required by the law; lastly, the patient must prove that his injury was caused by the doctor’s negligent act. Each of these requirements for negligence will be considered as the strict requirements for a successful claim of the patient suffering from an adverse event in a medical context. These steps were referred by Charles Foster as the logical â€Å"mathematical business† 3towards establishing the causation in a clinical negligence case. Is Chester’s case a relaxation of the causation requirements? To discuss this statement, one must consider whether the breach of duty causes the harm to the patient. Even if a doctor breaches his duty of care by falling below the standard of care, a patient can only recover his damages if he can prove that breach has caused some harm to him. 1. â€Å"It Should Be, Therefore It is† (2004) 154 New Law Journal 7151. 2. [2004] UKHL 41. 3. Charles Foster New Law Journal 5/11/2004, p. 644. If the doctor breaches his duty of care, but the patient suffered no injury, or would have suffered an identical harm regardless of the doctor’s failing, then the doctor is not proven negligent. This can be illustrated by the case of Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee4. In this case, the doctor ha s breached his duty of care to the deceased man by not examining him personally, but the action for clinical negligence failed, because even if the patient had been seen by the doctor, the arsenic poisoning was regarded as too far advanced for an antidote to be life-saving. In other words, by the time the patient arrived at the hospital, he was destined to die irrespective of the actions or negligent omissions of the doctors. Although his doctor failed to meet the requisite standard pf care in treating him, this did not in itself cause any harm to the patient. 4. There are two ways of interpreting this causation requirement. On the one hand, there exists a reasonable principle that a person should not be held liable for damage which he did not cause. On the other hand, there is no legal evidence for incompetent medical care unless the patient can prove that the doctor’s action indeed caused some identifiable harm. The particular patient is Barnett should have been attended by a doctor, but the fact that he was not subject to compensation. In recent years, the English legal system has recognized that a very strict application of the causation requirement can result in injustice for the patient and therefore there have been gradual moves towards a relaxation of this requirement. In Bolitho v City & Hackney Health Authority5, for instance, a strict application of the traditional causation test of â€Å"but for† – that is the harm would not have been caused but for the doctor’s clinical negligence- was self-evidently not satisfied. It could be recalled in this case the doctor failed to attend the patient but argued that, if she had indeed attended, she would not have provided the treatment (intubation) which could have save the child. Therefore, it is crystal clear that the harm of the child’s death would have occurred even if the doctor had met her duty of care by attending the patient. Despite the court was not willing to settle for this conclusion and instead enquired into whether the doctor’s intended failure to intubate if she had attended would have been clinically negligent in itself. This implies that it was considered by the court at all is an indication that, if some serious harm has occurred, the courts will take into considerations the entire circumstances of the case before coming to the conclusion as to whether the causation requirement has been satisfied. 4. [1968] 1 A11 ER 1068. 5. [1997] UKHL 46, HL. The approach can be seen even more controversially in the 2004 case of Chester v Afshar6, which Charles Foster has made his comment on as mentioned. This case involved a doctor’s clinical negligent failure to warn a patient about the risk inherent in a medical procedure. There exists a need for the patient’s consent to medical treatment to be fully informed. The complication with respect to causation arose because the patient admitted that she would have still undergone the surgery even if she had been warned about the risks of paralysis which unfortunately materialized during the medical procedure. Therefore, the doctor’s failure to disclose this risk, although a breach of his duty of care, did not on the strict application of the causation requirement, cause the harm suffered by the patient. When Chester reached the House of Lords, the House was divided on the issue of causation. The Court of Appeal, taking a strong and pragmatic approach, held that the claimant could succeed by applying conventional causation principle. Therefore it could be said that the claimant’s injury had resulted from receiving a particular operation at a particular time. If the defendant had warned her about the risks, she would not have that particular operation- she would have had an operation (with the same risks) at a later date. If she had had this later operation, in all probability, the very small risk of disability would not have happened. On this basis, it could be said that the defendant’s failure to warn had led to the claimant’s disability. However, the House of Lords did not find this kind of approach attractive. As Lord Hoffman put it, the approach of the Court of Appeal was: †¦about as logical as saying that if one had been told, on entering a casino, the odds on the number 7 coming up were only 1 in 37, one would have gone away and come back next week or gone to a different casino. The question is whether one would have taken the opportunity to avoid or reduce the risk, not whether one would have changed the scenario in some irrelevant detail. †7 In the House of Lords, both the majority and minority rejected r easoning of the Court of Appeal and held that the claimant could not succeed in proving causation on conventional principles. For the minority (Lord Hoffman and Bingham), this was sufficient to dispose the case. However, the majority went on to state that, for policy reasons, the traditional rules of causation ought to be relaxed to allow the claimant to 6. [2004] UKHL 41 7. [2005] 1 AC 134, per Lord Hoffman, at paragraph 31. succeed. Central to their Lordship’s reasoning was the need to give effect to the right of a patient to make an informed choice about whether and when to undergo medical treatment. In law, this right was made possible by a doctor’s duty to warn the patient about any significant risks involved in the medical treatment. There would therefore be injustice if breach of this duty did not lead to a remedy. If the doctor were not made liable for such a breach, the duty to inform the patient about significant risks would, as Lord Hope put it, be a â€Å"hollow one†. His Lordship said: â€Å"The function of the law is to enable rights to be vindicated and to provide remedies when duties have been breached. Unless this is done the duty is a hollow one, stripped of all practical force and devoid of all content. It will have lost its ability to protect the patient and thus to fulfill the only purpose which brought it into existence. On policy grounds therefore I would hold that the test of causation is satisfied in this case. †8 Lord Steyn shared this view that the vindication of the patient’s rights was the overriding considerations: â€Å"Her right of autonomy and dignity can and ought to be vindicated by a narrow and modest departure from traditional causation principles†¦This result is in accord with one of the most basic aspirations of the law, namely to right wrongs. †9 On policy grounds, therefore, Lord Hope, Steyn and Walker held that the test of even though they agreed with Lord Bingham and Hoffman that this required a departure from the traditional principles. The simple fact that the patient’s injury was â€Å"intimately involved with the duty to warn†10 was sufficient for Lord Hope, while Lord Walker emphasized that the doctor had failed in his professional duty and the patient â€Å"has suffered injury directly within the scope and focus of that duty†. 11 In summary, the two dissenting Lords emphasized that Miss Chester had failed to prove that the doctor caused her injury. Lord Bingham said that â€Å"she cannot show that the clinical negligence proved against Mr. Afshar was, in any ordinary sense, a cause of her loss†12 and Lord Hoffman noted that â€Å"on ordinary principles of tort law the 8. 2005] 1 AC 134, per Lord Hope, at paragraph 87. 9. [2004] 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Steyn, paragraph 24-25. 10. [2004] 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Hope, paragraph 87. 11. [2004] 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Walker, paragraph 101. 12. [2004] UKHL 41, per Lord Bingham, paragraph 9. defendant is not liable†. 13 Both of these j udges therefore held that Miss Chester could not recover damages with respect to Mr. Afshar’s negligent disclosure. Even the judges in the majority acknowledged that the traditional causation requirement had not been satisfied in this case. Lord Hope, for instance, who gave the leading judgment, accepted that â€Å"a solution to this problem which is in Miss Chester’s favour cannot be based on conventional causation principles†. 14 The majority allowed Miss Chester to recover damage based on some vague policy reasons. Lord Hope elaborated that the key question for the House of Lords was â€Å"whether in the unusual circumstances of this case, justice requires the normal approach to causation to be modified†. 15 Lord Hope further explained that â€Å"the function of the law is to enable rights to be vindicated and to provide remedies when duties have been breached. Unless this is done, the duty is a hollow one, stripped of all practical force and devoid of all content†. 16 Lord Steyn shared this view that the vindication of the patient’s rights was the overriding consideration: â€Å"Her right of autonomy and dignity can and ought to be vindicated by a narrow and modest departure from traditional causation principles†¦This result is in accord with one of the most basic aspirations of the law, namely to right wrongs. †17 As a result, the consequence is that where there is a breach of duty to disclose and the plaintiff suffers from . he actual harm he or she should have been warned about, then a claim for damages is more likely to succeed. The patient would recover if they would have deferred the procedure. The plaintiff no longer have to demonstrate that he or she would have refused the procedure completely if he or she had been told about the undisclosed risk. The adaptation of the causation requirement in Chester v Afs har has been the subject of considerable debate and criticism. Green18, for example, argues that the law of torts â€Å"is concerned not with compensating those who have suffered loss as a result of the defendant’s breach of duty†. This very point is emphasized by Lord Bingham in his dissent when he argues that â€Å"a claimant is not entitled to be compensated, and a defendant is not bound to compensate the claimant, for damage not caused by the negligence complained of†. 19 To some extent this is a convincing argument. 13. [2004] UKHL 41, per Lord Hoffman, paragraph 32. 14. [2004] UKHL 41, per Lord Hope, paragraph 81. 15. [2004] 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Hope, paragraph 85. 16. [2004] 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Hope, paragraph 87. 17. [2004] 4 A11 ER 587, per Lord Steyn, paragraph 75. 18. Sarah Green, â€Å"Coherence of Medical Negligence Cases: A Game of Doctors and Purses†. (2006) 14 Med Law Rev. 1, p. 4. 19. Chester v Afshar [2004] 4 A11 ER 587, paragraph 9. Miss Chester was awarded full damages for the injury she suffered even though this injury was not really caused by the doctor’s actions, which seems unjust. However, the point which is missed here is that the doctor’s negligent non-disclosure did cause a different loss to Miss Chester. Green20 argues that Miss Chester â€Å"lost nothing of value†, but I believe this is not true: she lost her right to make an autonomous choice about her medical treatment. In daily clinical practice, autonomy with respect to healthcare requires that a patient is fully informed about the medical treatment before he or she can consent to it. On the other hand, the right to refuse consent to medical treatment, which is protected in both English common law and international human right law, requires that an informed choice be made by the patient. In Miss Chester’s case, she was denied of this particular right. She agreed to undergo the surgery in ignorance of its risks and true nature. Her right to autonomy was therefore denied. Green’s opposing view can be explained as follows: â€Å"A patient’s dignity and right to decide is protected by the law of tort’s recognition that a doctor has a duty to warn, not by the readiness to override causal considerations in the claimant’s favour. If a breach of that duty to warn causes the patient no loss, then a finding of no liability does not violate that right. It merely serves as an acknowledgment that the patient’s inability to exercise that right did not, on this occasion, causes any harm†. 21 A fundamentally different viewpoint of this situation is taken here. The inability to exercise a right to autonomy is regarded as a harm in itself, regardless of the actual physical injury resulted. This rights-based approach means that Mason and Brodie22 are correct to regard the award of full damages to Miss Chester as inconsistent with the House of Lords’ modified approach to causation as follows: â€Å"One can understand the concern to allow the plaintiff to vindicate her rights. However, the measure of damages allowed does not, in truth, reflect the loss suffered because, at the end of the day, the loss lay in an invasion of autonomy per se, and an award of full damages can be said to over-compensate. 23 20. Sarah Green, â€Å"Coherence of Medical Negligence Cases: A Game of Doctors and Purses†. (2006) 14 Med Law Rev. 1, p. 14. 21. Sarah Green, â€Å"Coherence of Medical Negligence Cases: A Game of Doctors and Purses†. (2006) 14 Med Law Rev. 1, p. 9-10. 22. K Mason and D Brodie, â€Å"Bolam, Bolam- Wherefore Are Thou Bolam? † (2005) 9 Edin LR298, p. 305. 23. K Mason and D Brodie, â€Å"Bolam, Bolam- Wherefore Are Thou Bolam? † (2005) 9 Edin LR298, p. 305. The House of Lords judgment in Chester v Afshar represents a significant departure from the traditional requirements of a negligence action. It is an imperfect the emphasis upon vindication of the patient’s rights is insufficiently explained and justified. But it is also encouraging from a human rights perspective to see this judicial recognition at the highest level that causation requirements should not act as a barrier to recovery where a patient’s rights have been infringed during the provision of medical care. Manson and Laurie24 refer to a trend to â€Å"assist the plaintiff over the causation hurdle in medico-legal cases†25 and, given the great hurdle still in place with respect to proving a breach of the duty of care, this should in general be welcome. Andrew Grubb26 argues that the majority in Chester made the right decision: â€Å"It is difficult to argue with [the majority’s] reasoning. It would undermine the rule and be unjust for a doctor to require a patient to show that she would never have a particular procedure in the future. It is also counterintuitive to think that because the patient may run the risk in the future- by agreeing to and having the procedure- the negligence is not connected to her injury. At worst, she will be exposed to a small risk of injury which is unlikely then to eventuate. She had in a real and immediate sense suffered injury that she would not otherwise have suffered. That should be sufficient to establish a causal link†. 27 If Miss Chester‘s loss is better described as the loss of the right to make an informed consent, rather than exposure to a risk which she would have avoided if given proper information, it could be argued that damages should be directed towards compensating her for this deprivation of autonomy, rather than for the physical injury she suffered. It is interesting that the majority in Chester did not consider the possibility of making a â€Å"conventional award† as they had done in Rees v Darlington memorial NHS Trust28, for the patient’s loss of autonomy. The majority awarded Miss Chester full damages for physical injury, despite the fact that their judgments describe the real loss in this case as the deprivation of the right to make an informed choice. As 24. JK Mason, A McCall Smith & G Laurie, Law and Medical Ethics, 7th edit, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 39. 25. JK Mason, A McCall Smith & G Laurie, Law and Medical Ethics, 7th edit, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 339. 26. â€Å"Consent to Treatment: The Competent Patient†, 31-203 in A Grubb with J Laing(eds), Principles of Medical Law, 2nd edition, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 200. 27. â€Å"Consent to Treatment: The Competent Patient†, 31-203 in A Grubb with J Laing(eds), Principles of Medical Law, 2n d edition, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 200. 28. [2003] UKHL 52. J Kenyon Mason and Douglas Brodie29 point out, this may mean that Miss Chester was over-compensated: â€Å"However, the measure of damages allowed does not, in truth, reflect the loss suffered because, at the end of the day, the loss lay in an invasion of autonomy per se, and an award of full damages can be said to over-compensate. What is, in some ways, surprising is that, the solution adopted in Rees v Darlington Memorial NHS Trust was not applied here. There, the requirements of distributive justice meant that damages should not be awarded to compensate the plaintiff for the loss that ad arisen as the result of a failed sterilization operation†¦The solution adopted was to award a â€Å"modest† conventional sum by way of general damages to acknowledge the infringement of the plaintiff’s autonomy by the fault of the defendant†. 30 The possibility of a conventional award was mentioned by Lord Hoffman, in his dissenting judgment: †I can see that there m ight be a case for a modest solatium. †31 In the end, he rejects this solution for two reasons: it would be difficult to settle on an appropriate amount, and on the grounds of costs, the courts would be an unsuitable place to pursue what would always be a modest award. Effectively, then, the consequence of Chester’s case is that autonomy-based right to make an informed consent is so important that doctors who fail to warn patients about material risks associated with treatment may have to indemnify patients should those risks materialize, despite the exercise of all proper skill and care in carrying out the operation, and critically, despite the fact that the patient admits that they would have been prepared, in fact, to knowingly run this risk on another occasion. Difficulty in proving causation: The full impact of the House of Lords’ relaxation of causation principles in Chester v Afshar remains to be seen. There are a number of reasons why the causation requirement raises particular difficulties in actions for negligence non-disclosure of relevant information. 29. â€Å"Bolam, Bolam- Wherefore Are Thou Bolam? † (2005) 9 Edin Law Rev. p. 298-305. 30. â€Å"Bolam, Bolam- Wherefore Are Thou Bolam? † (2005) 9 Edin Law Rev. p. 298-305. 31. [2004] UKHL 4, per Lord Hoffman, paragraph 34. 32. â€Å"A warning about causation† (1999) 115 Law Quarterly Rev. 1-27, p. 23. 33. â€Å"From Informed Consent to Patient Choice: A New Protected Interest† (1985) 95 Yale Law Journal 219. 34. â€Å"From Informed Consent to Patient Choice: A New Protected Interest† (1985) 95 Yale Law Journal 219. First, a successful claim in negligence for failure to disclose a material risk is in practice synonymous with strict liability for medical mishaps. Informed cons ent therefore becomes a route for patients to seek financial compensation for unfortunate but blameless medical outcomes. Doctors who exercised all reasonable care and skill in performance of an operation will be found liable for the consequences of an accident which they could have done nothing to prevent just because their pre-operation disclosures were inadequate. As Peter Cane32 explains, â€Å" whatever the ideological basis of the duty to warn (or, in other words, the interest which it protects), its importance in practice lies in providing a basis for imposing liability for physical injury not caused by clinical negligence†. Secondly, because the claimant must prove that the inadequate disclosure caused her injury, cases only come before the courts where the patient has not been informed about the risk of an adverse outcome which has then materialized. Adequate information is not, however, confined to disclosure of risks. In order to exercise meaningful choice, it is important that the patients are told about alternatives to the proposed treatment. As Marjorie Maguire Shultz33 explains, negligently depriving the patient of choices will rarely result in the sort of damage or injury which is recognized in tort law: [P]reemption of patients’ authority by doctors may also give rise to injuries that are real but intangible, or to physical outcomes that are arguably not â€Å"injurious† except from the individual’s vantage point. These outcomes may be excluded from negligence doctrine’s definitions of harm. Thus, a patient not told about a method of sterilization that is more revers ible than the one performed may have difficulty convincing the court that non-reversibility is a cognizable physical injury. A patient who alleges that, properly informed, she would have chosen a lumpectomy rather than a radical mastectomy might find it hard, under existing negligence rules, to characterize the successful operation that removed her breast and eradicated her cancer as having â€Å"injured† her. Similarly, the patient with a desire to go home or to a hospice to die, who is instead maintained alive by hospital machinery, might have difficulty establishing â€Å"injury† under definitions of an interest in physical well-being rather than choice†. 34 Thirdly, â€Å" cause† appears to have acquired a rather special meaning in failure to warn cases, Peter Cane has explained, the doctors in these cases rarely â€Å"caused† the injury in question â€Å"in the central sense of the word â€Å"cause† as it is used outside the law†, because â€Å"failure to warn of a risk does not â€Å"cause â€Å" the materialization of the risk†. Rather the injury has usually been caused by an unfortunate and inherently unlikely combination of circumstances, and the doctor simply created the situation in which this extraordinary sequence of events could occur. The question of whether a doctor should be liable for a failure to disclose a risk is more accurately stated as whether she should be liable for creating the situation in which an accidental injury might or might not occur. Conclusion: There is an elegance to a legal structure that requires doctors to owe a â€Å"single comprehensive duty† in negligence covering diagnosis and treatment, and the associated obligations to inform. Diagnosis and treatment are essentially the exercise of the medical professional skills and therefore fall fairly into the arms of negligence. The duty to inform, however, seeks to protect the patient interest in self-determination. This seems more fairly addressed by an action that is complete with the injury to the interest protected. Such an action would be more akin to an action in battery. The fact that legal action for inadvertent misinformation in relation to the inherent risks/benefits of treatment lies in negligence rather than in battery leaves a legal structure that has some tension within in it. Where battery, constrained as it is by touching, is an ill-fitting robe negligence barely covers the mischief. In English law, negligence actions for negligent misinformation have seen this tension expressed as a strong dissent by Lord Scarmen in the case of Sidaway v Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors35, and then as a weakening of the causation rule in Chester v Afshar. Notice how weakening the causation rule in Chester v Afshar. Notice how weakening the causation requirement makes the action of clinical negligence more akin to a battery action- the very action precluded by the rule in Reibl v Hughes in such cases. In Chester v Afshar, the plaintiff would have had the operation at a different time and so something would have changed had the information about risk been given. The core of the principle in this case comes when the plaintiff does not change anything as a result of the misinformation. Can they still succeed where they suffer the very harm they should have been worried about? If so, we have a clinical negligence action that looks suspiciously like a battery action but protects the interest of self-determination. The use of clinical negligence in this context has arisen by default. The structure of a claim in clinical negligence is simply the wrong one to protect a fundamental interest like self-determination and the strain is telling.

List of Academic Geography Journals

What follows is a listing of important academic journals devoted to geography. You should be able to find most in large academic (university) libraries at universities that include geography departments.   General U.S. Annals of the Association of American GeographersFocusGeographical ReviewJournal of GeographyLandscapeNational Geographic ResearchNational Geographic MagazineProfessional Geographer General International AreaAustralian GeographerAustralian Geographical StudiesCanadian GeographerCanadian GeographicGeoforumGeographicalGeographyGeographical Journal of RGSGeoJournalInstitute of British Geographers. TransactionsNew Zealand GeographerNew Zealand Journal of Geography Human Geography Economic GeographyEnvironment and Planning D: Society and SpaceGeografiska Annaler. Series B. Human GeographyJournal of Cultural GeographyJournal of Historical GeographyPolitical GeographyProgress in Human GeographyUrban Geography Human Geography Related Annals of Tourism ResearchAsian and Pacific Migration JournalDemographyEconomic Development and Cultural ChangeEkisticsHuman EcologyJournal of Regional ScienceJournal of the American Institute of PlannersLand EconomicsLandscape and Urban PlanningNationalities PapersPopulation and Development ReviewInternational Journal of Population GeographyInternational Migration ReviewPlanningRegional Science and Urban EconomicsRegional StudiesSocial Science and Medicine D: Medical GeographyUrban Affairs QuarterlyUrban AnthropologyUrban Studies Physical Geography Atmosphere-OceanBoundary-Layer MeteorologyBulletin of the American Meteorological SocietyEarth Surface Processes and LandformsGeografiska Annaler. Series A. Physical GeographyJournal of the Atmospheric SciencesJournal of BiogeographyJournal of ClimateJournal of Climate and Applied MeteorologyJournal of HydrologyMeteorology and Atmospheric PhysicsMeteorological MagazineMonthly Weather ReviewPhysical GeographyProgress in Physical GeographyQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological SocietyTheoretical and Applied ClimatologyWeatherWeatherwiseWorld Meteorology Organization BulletinZeitschrift fur GeomorphologieZeitschrift fur Meteorologie Physical Geography Related Advances in HydroscienceBiological ConservationBulletin of the Geological Society of AmericaCanadian Journal of the Earth SciencesCatenaEarth ScienceEarth Science ReviewsThe EcologistEcologyEnvironmentEnvironmental EthicsEnvironmental PollutionInternational Journal of Environmental StudiesJournal of GlaciologyJournal of Sedimentary PetrologyMazingiraQuarternary ResearchWater Resources BulletinWater Resources ResearchJournal of Soil and Water ConservationJournal of the Soil Science Society of AmericaRestoration EcologyWild Earth Other - Technique/Approach AntipodeApplied GeographyCartographic JournalCartographicaCartographyCartography and Geographic Information SystemsGeographical AnalysisGeoworldImago MundiITC JournalPhotogrammetric Engineering and Remote SensingWorld Cartography Region-Based Annals of Arid ZonesArcticArctic and Alpine ResearchAustralian Meteorology MagazineChina GeographerGeographica PolanicaPolar RecordPost-Soviet Geography